The Buggiano area, which was inhabited first by the Liguri tribe, then by the Etruscans and later by the Romans, has always enjoyed great strategic significance thanks to its commanding view of the road that linked Florence with Lucca. The people of Buggiano, good Tuscans that they are, have fought endless battles among themselves as well as with neighbouring towns. In 1315, in the woods of Santa Maria, the Battle of Montecatini pitted the Florentine Guelfs against the Lucchese Ghibellines, led by Uguccione della Foggiola. In 1339, though, Buggiano and indeed the entire Valdinievole fell into Florentine hands.
In modern times the Buggiana area enjoys great importance as an economic centre, with commercial traffic passing through to Livorno whether by road or waterway. The canals round here connect the Fucecchio marshland to the river Arno.